Legislation Reference – Reserved Parking for Plug-In Vehicle Charging

State & Local “Anti-ICEing” EV Parking Laws

Anti-ICEing Laws — States with laws to prohibit non plug-in cars from blocking electric vehicle charging stations.

Reference compilation by PlugInSites.org

Maryland (Effective October 1, 2022)
§ 21–1003.2. Vehicle Laws – Plug–In Electric Drive Vehicles – Reserved Parking Spaces
(A) (1) In this section the following words have the meanings indicated.
(2) “Plug–in electric drive vehicle” means a motor vehicle:
(I) That is made by a manufacturer;
(II) That is propelled to a significant extent by an electric motor that draws electricity from a battery that can be recharged from an external source of electricity;
(III) For which the external source of electricity is unable to be connected to the motor vehicle while the motor vehicle is in motion; and
(IV) That is properly registered.
(3) “Plug–in electric drive vehicle charging space” means a parking space that provides access to charging equipment that transfers electrical energy to a plug–in electric drive vehicle.
(B) Unless the vehicle is a plug–in electric drive vehicle that is plugged into charging equipment, a person may not stop, stand, or park a vehicle in a designated plug–in electric drive vehicle charging space.
(C) A publicly accessible plug–in electric drive vehicle charging space shall be designated by a sign that:
(1) Indicates that the charging space is only for electric vehicle charging;
(2) Includes any day or time restrictions;
(3) States the maximum fine that may be incurred for a violation; and
(4) Is consistent with the design and placement specifications established in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways adopted by the State Highway Administration under § 25–104 of this article.
(D) A plug–in electric drive vehicle charging space shall be counted as part of the overall number of parking spaces in a parking lot for the purpose of complying with any zoning or parking laws intended to meet requirements for commercial and industrial uses under the Americans with Disabilities Act.
(E) A person who violates this section is subject to a civil penalty of $100.

Virginia (Effective July 1, 2022)
§ 46.2-1219.3. Parking of vehicles in parking spaces reserved for charging electric vehicles; civil penalties.
A. It shall constitute a traffic infraction for any person to park a vehicle that (i) is not a plug-in electric motor vehicle, as defined in § 56-1, or (ii) is a plug-in electric motor vehicle, as defined in § 56-1, that is not in the process of charging in a parking space adjacent to an electric vehicle charging station that is clearly marked as reserved for charging plug-in electric motor vehicles. A violation of this subsection is subject to a civil penalty of not more than $25.
B. No civil penalty shall be imposed pursuant to the provisions of this section or any local ordinance adopted pursuant to this section unless the parking space reserved for charging plug-in electric motor vehicles has a sign that includes the following language: “PENALTY, UP TO $25.” Such language may be placed on a separate sign and attached below any sign indicating that the space is reserved for charging plug-in electric motor vehicles. In the case of a local ordinance adopted pursuant to subsection C, the sign shall indicate the amount of the civil penalty if such ordinance imposes a civil penalty.
C. The governing body of any county, city, or town may adopt an ordinance not inconsistent with the provisions of this section. The civil penalty for violating any such ordinance shall not exceed the civil penalties provided in subsection A.
D. In the prosecution of an offense established under this section, prima facie evidence that the vehicle described in the summons issued pursuant to this section was parked in violation of this section, together with proof that the defendant was at the time of such violation the owner, lessee, or renter of the vehicle, shall constitute in evidence a rebuttable presumption that such owner, lessee, or renter of the vehicle was the person who committed the violation. A violation of this section may be charged on the uniform traffic summons form.

New York
VAT § 1202 Stopping, standing or parking prohibited in specified places
l. In a space designated as provided in this subparagraph for the exclusive purpose of charging an electric vehicle at an electric vehicle charging station, unless such vehicle is an electric vehicle connected to such charging station. Provided, however, that an electric motor vehicle disconnected from the electric vehicle charging station for no more than thirty continuous minutes while stopped, standing or parked in such designated space shall not be in violation of this subparagraph. Parking spaces designated for the exclusive purpose of charging an electric vehicle at an electric vehicle charging station shall be clearly identified, and such designation shall include conspicuous and permanently installed above grade signs which shall be positioned from the parking space surface at a height of not less than five feet nor more than seven feet and which identify such space as an electric vehicle charging station, indicate that such space is only for electric vehicle charging and include any day or time restrictions. For the purposes of this subparagraph, the term “electric vehicle” shall mean a motor vehicle that is propelled at least in part by an electric motor and associated power electronics which provide acceleration torque to the drive wheels sometime during normal vehicle operation, and that draws electricity from a battery or hydrogen fuel cell that is capable of being recharged from an external source of electricity, such that the external source of electricity cannot be connected to the vehicle while the vehicle is in motion, and the term “electric vehicle charging station” shall mean the equipment needed to convey electric power from the electric grid or another power source to an onboard motor vehicle energy storage system.

North Dakota
39-10-50.1 – Relating to prohibiting blocking parking spaces for electric vehicles; and to provide a penalty.
SECTION 1. A new section to chapter 39-10 of the North Dakota Century Code is created and enacted as follows:
Electric vehicle parking stalls or spaces – Unauthorized parking or obstructing.
1.If a public or private entity designates a parking space for charging an electric vehicle, the reserved space must be indicated by a sign approved by the director. The sign must be consistent with the manual of uniform traffic control devices authorized under section39-13-06, and indicate:
a.Use of the reserved space is for charging electric vehicles only; and
b.Unauthorized use of the spaces is a nonmoving violation for which a fee of fifty dollars must be imposed.
2.An individual may not park or leave standing a vehicle in a stall or space designated for charging and parking a vehicle, unless the individual’s vehicle is connected for electric charging purposes.
3.An individual may not obstruct, block, or otherwise bar access to a space designated for charging a vehicle.
SECTION 2. A new subdivision to subsection 2 of section 39-06.1-06 of the North Dakota Century Code is created and enacted as follows:
A violation of section 1 of this Act, a fee of fifty dollars.

Nevada
NRS 484B.468 Parking space designated for charging electric or hybrid electric vehicles: Signs; prohibited acts; penalties.
1. A person shall not park a vehicle in a space designated for charging electric or hybrid electric vehicles by a sign or markings that meet the requirements of subsection 2, whether on public or privately owned property, if the vehicle is not connected to the charging station for the purpose of charging.
2. For the purpose of enforcing the provisions of subsection 1, a parking space designated for charging electric or hybrid electric vehicles must be indicated by a sign or markings that:
(a) Are consistent with the manual and specifications for a uniform system of traffic-control devices adopted pursuant to NRS 484A.430; and
(b) State “Minimum fine of $100 for use by others” or equivalent words.
3. A person who violates the provisions of subsection 1 shall be punished:
(a) Upon the first offense, by a fine of $100.
(b) Upon the second offense, by a fine of $200.
(c) Upon the third or subsequent offense, by a fine of not less than $400, but not more than $750.
4. A violation of this section is not a moving violation for the purposes of NRS 483.473.

Colorado
C.R.S. 42-4-1213 – Parking in electric motor vehicle charging stations.
(1) (a) For the purposes of this section, “official sign” means a sign identifying a parking space for electric motor vehicle charging that cites this section or the equivalent local ordinance and that clearly displays the penalties for violating this section or the equivalent local ordinance.
(b) The owner of public or private property may install official signs that identify a parking space as a dedicated charging station. The installation operates as a waiver of any objection the owner may assert concerning enforcement of this section by a peace officer. A peace officer may enforce this section on private property.
(2) (a) A person shall not park a motor vehicle within a parking space designated for charging a plug-in electric motor vehicle unless the motor vehicle is a plug-in electric motor vehicle.
(b) Except as provided in subsection (3) of this section, a person shall not park a plug-in electric motor vehicle in a parking space with a dedicated charging connector for the parking space unless the person is parked in the charging station for the purpose of charging the plug-in electric motor vehicle.
(c) A plug-in electric motor vehicle is rebuttably presumed to not be charging if the motor vehicle is:
(I) Parked in a charging station parking space with a dedicated charging connector for the space; and
(II) Not continuously and electrically connected to the charger for longer than thirty minutes.
(3) (a) A person may park a plug-in electric motor vehicle at a charging station after the motor vehicle is fully charged in a parking lot:
(I) That serves a lodging business if the person is a client of the lodging business and has parked the plug-in electric motor vehicle in the lot to charge overnight;
(II) That serves an airport if the person is a client of the airport and has parked the plug-in electric motor vehicle in the lot to charge when traveling; or
(III) Between the hours of 11 p.m. and 5 a.m.
(b) The exception in subsection (3)(a) of this section is an affirmative defense to a violation of subsection (2) of this section.
(4) A person who violates this section commits a class B traffic infraction.

New Hampshire
Section 236:134 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations – Prohibitions and Restrictions.
I. No person shall park in a space equipped with a public electric vehicle charging station, unless such person is operating a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle or battery electric vehicle.
II. The owner or operator of a public electric vehicle charging station may impose restrictions on the amount of time that an electric vehicle may be charged at the charging station.
III. Owners or operators of public electric vehicle charging stations that require payment of a fee shall not require persons desiring to use such public electric vehicle charging station to pay a subscription fee or otherwise obtain a membership in any club, association, or organization as a condition of using such public electric vehicle charging station, but may have different price schedules that are conditioned on a subscription or membership in a club, association, or organization.

Massachusetts
General Laws Section 22A of chapter 40.
A city or town acting pursuant to this section with respect to ways within its control, or pursuant to the authority granted by chapter 40A with respect to zoning, may regulate the parking of vehicles by restricting certain areas or requiring that certain areas be restricted for the parking of a zero emission vehicle. An ordinance, by-law, order, rule or regulation pursuant to this paragraph may contain a penalty of not more than $50 and, in a city or town that has accepted section 22D, may provide for the removal of a vehicle pursuant to said section 22D. For the purposes of this section, “zero emission vehicle”, shall mean a battery electric vehicle, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle or a fuel cell vehicle.

Rhode Island
General Law §31-21-18. Electric vehicle charging station parking restrictions.
(a) For the purposes of this section, “electric vehicle charging station” means a public or private parking space that is served by charging equipment that has as its primary purpose the transfer of electric energy to a battery or other energy storage device in an electric vehicle.
(b) No person shall stop, stand, or park a vehicle in any electric vehicle charging station provided on any public or private parking space if the vehicle is not connected to the charging equipment and where the electric vehicle charging station is indicated by signage identifying the station as an electric vehicle charging station and indicating that it is only for electric vehicle charging and subject to a parking violation.
(c) Enforcement of the parking provisions of this section shall be enforced by the local or state authorities on public or private property when the location of the parking spaces is within the purview of the state building code, chapter 27.3 of title 23.
(d) Violations of this section are subject to fines enumerated in §31-41.1-4.

Connecticut
General Statutes Title 16, Chapter 277, Sec. 16-19ggg – Public electric vehicle charging stations. Parking restrictions.
(c) No person shall park in a space equipped with a public electric vehicle charging station, unless such person is operating a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle or battery electric vehicle, as defined in section 16-19eee.
Note: There is no clause in the Connecticut Statute to establish that illegal parking at a public electric vehicle charging station is punishable as an infraction. See 2018 HB 5530 & SB 481.

Illinois
Sec. 11-1308 Unauthorized use of parking places reserved for electric vehicles.
(a) For the purposes of this Section:
“Electric vehicle” means a battery-powered electric vehicle operated solely by electricity or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that operates on electricity and gasoline and has a battery that can be recharged from an external source.
“Electric vehicle charging station” means any facility or equipment that is used to charge a battery or other energy storage device of an electric vehicle.
(b) It shall be prohibited to park a non-electric vehicle in an electric vehicle charging station designated for use by electric vehicles, including an electric vehicle charging station on any private or public offstreet parking facility. A person may park only an electric vehicle in an electric vehicle charging station space designated for use by electric vehicles.
(c) Any person or local authority owning or operating any public or private offstreet parking facility may, after notifying the police or sheriff’s department, remove or cause to be removed to the nearest garage or other place of safety any non-electric vehicle parked within an electric vehicle charging station space designated for use by electric vehicles.
(d) It shall not be a defense to a charge under this Section that the sign or notice posted at the electric vehicle charging station or the designated parking space does not comply with applicable rules, regulations, or local ordinances, if a reasonable person would be made aware by the sign or notice on or near the parking space that the space is reserved for electric vehicles.
(e) Any person found guilty of violating the provisions of subsection (b) shall be fined $75 in addition to any costs or charges connected with the removal or storage of the non-electric vehicle; but municipalities by ordinance may impose a fine up to $100.
(Source: P.A. 99-172, eff. 1-1-16.)

Oregon
Sec. 811.587 Unlawful parking in space reserved for alternative fuel vehicle refueling.
(1) As used in this section, “alternative fuel vehicle” has the meaning given that term in ORS 469B.100, except that “alternative fuel vehicle” includes vehicles registered in any jurisdiction.
(2) A person commits the offense of unlawful parking in a space reserved for alternative fuel vehicle refueling if:
(a) The person parks a vehicle in any parking space that is on premises open to the public;
(b) The parking space is marked or signed as reserved for alternative fuel vehicle refueling; and
(c) The vehicle in the parking space is not engaged in the refueling process.
(3) The offense of unlawful parking in a space reserved for alternative fuel vehicle refueling is a Class D traffic violation.
Note: 811.587 was enacted into law by the Legislative Assembly but was not added to or made a part of ORS chapter 811 or any series therein by legislative action. See Preface to Oregon Revised Statutes for further explanation.
Note: The definition of “alternative fuel vehicle” in 469B.100 was deleted by amendment by section 28, chapter 701, Oregon Laws 2015. The text of 811.587 was not amended by enactment of the Legislative Assembly to reflect the deletion. Editorial adjustment of 811.587 for the deletion of the definition has not been made.

Washington State
RCW 46.08.185 Electric vehicle charging stations—Signage—Penalty
(1) Publicly available electric vehicle supply equipment must be indicated by vertical signage identifying the station as publicly available electric vehicle supply equipment and indicating that it is only for electric vehicle charging. The signage must be consistent with the manual on uniform traffic control devices, as adopted by the department of transportation under RCW 47.36.030, and contain the information required in section 4 of this act. Supplementary signage may be posted to provide additional information including, but not limited to, the amount of the monetary penalty under subsection (2) of this section for parking in the station while not connected to the charging equipment.
(2) It is a parking infraction, with a monetary penalty of one hundred twenty-four dollars, for any person to park a vehicle in a parking space served by publicly available electric vehicle supply equipment if the vehicle is not connected to the charging equipment. The parking infraction must be processed as prescribed under RCW 3.50.100, 35.20.220, 46.16A.120, and 46.20.270(2).
(3) For purposes of this section, “publicly available electric vehicle supply equipment” has the same meaning as provided in RCW 19.94.010 and described in sections 2 and 3 of this act.
[2013 c 60 § 1 & 2021-SB5192]

Hawaii
Revised Statutes §291-72 Parking spaces reserved for electric vehicles; penalties.
(a) Beginning January 1, 2013, any person who parks a non-electric vehicle in a space designated and marked as reserved for electric vehicles shall receive a warning.
(b) Beginning July 1, 2013, any person who parks a non-electric vehicle in a space designated and marked as reserved for electric vehicles shall be guilty of a traffic infraction under chapter 291D and shall be fined not less than $50 nor more than $100, and shall pay any costs incurred by the court related to assessing the fine.
(c) Any citation issued under this section may be mailed to the violator pursuant to section 291C-165(b). [L 2009, c 156, pt of §4; am L 2012, c 89, §3]

Florida
Statute 366.94 Electric vehicle charging stations
(3)(a) It is unlawful for a person to stop, stand, or park a vehicle that is not capable of using an electrical recharging station within any parking space specifically designated for charging an electric vehicle.
(b) If a law enforcement officer finds a motor vehicle in violation of this subsection, the officer or specialist shall charge the operator or other person in charge of the vehicle in violation with a noncriminal traffic infraction, punishable as provided in s. 316.008(4) or s. 318.18.

California
Vehicle Code Section 22511 and 22511.1
22511 (a)(1) A local authority, by ordinance or resolution, and a person in lawful possession of an offstreet parking facility may designate stalls or spaces in an offstreet parking facility owned or operated by that local authority or person for the exclusive purpose of charging and parking a vehicle that is connected for electric charging purposes.
(2) A local authority, by ordinance or resolution, may designate stalls or spaces on a public street within its jurisdiction for the exclusive purpose of charging and parking a vehicle that is connected for electric charging purposes.
(b) If posted in accordance with subdivision (d) or (e), the owner or person in lawful possession of a privately owned or operated offstreet parking facility, after notifying the police or sheriff’s department, may cause the removal of a vehicle from a stall or space designated pursuant to subdivision (a) in the facility to the nearest public garage if the vehicle is not connected for electric charging purposes.
(c)(1) If posted in accordance with paragraph (1) of subdivision (d), the local authority owning or operating an offstreet parking facility, after notifying the police or sheriff’s department, may cause the removal of a vehicle from a stall or space designated pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) in the facility to the nearest garage, as defined in Section 340, that is owned, leased, or approved for use by a public agency if the vehicle is not connected for electric charging purposes.
(2) If posted in accordance with paragraph (2) of subdivision (d), the local authority, after notifying the police or sheriff’s department, may cause the removal of a vehicle from a stall or space designated pursuant to paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) to the nearest garage, as defined in Section 340, that is owned, leased, or approved for use by a public agency if the vehicle is not connected for electric charging purposes.
(d)(1) The posting required for an offstreet parking facility owned or operated either privately or by a local authority shall consist of a sign not less than 17 by 22 inches in size with lettering not less than one inch in height that clearly and conspicuously states the following: “Unauthorized vehicles not connected for electric charging purposes will be towed away at owner’s expense. Towed vehicles may be reclaimed at________
or by telephoning (Address) __________.”
(Telephone number of local law enforcement agency)
The sign shall be posted in either of the following locations:
(A) Immediately adjacent to, and visible from, the stall or space.
(B) In a conspicuous place at each entrance to the offstreet parking facility.
(2) The posting required for stalls or spaces on a public street designated pursuant to paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) shall follow the California Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
(e) If the parking facility is privately owned and public parking is prohibited by the posting of a sign meeting the requirements of paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of Section 22658, the requirements of subdivision (b) may be met by the posting of a sign immediately adjacent to, and visible from, each stall or space indicating that a vehicle not meeting the requirements of subdivision (a) will be removed at the owner’s expense and containing the telephone number of the local traffic law enforcement agency.
(f) This section does not interfere with existing law governing the ability of local authorities to adopt ordinances related to parking programs within their jurisdiction, such as programs that provide free parking in metered areas or municipal garages for electric vehicles.
22511.1 (a) A person shall not park or leave standing a vehicle in a stall or space designated pursuant to Section 22511 unless the vehicle is connected for electric charging purposes.
(b) A person shall not obstruct, block, or otherwise bar access to parking stalls or spaces described in subdivision (a) except as provided in subdivision (a).

Arizona
Revised Statute 28-876 Parking spaces for electric vehicles; civil penalty
A. A person shall not stop, stand or park a motor vehicle within any parking space specially designated for parking and fueling motor vehicles fueled exclusively by electricity unless the motor vehicle is powered by electricity and has been issued an alternative fuel vehicle special plate or sticker pursuant to section 28-2416.
B. If a law enforcement officer finds a motor vehicle in violation of this section, the law enforcement officer shall issue a complaint to the operator or other person in charge of the motor vehicle or, if an operator or other person is not present, to the registered owner of the motor vehicle for a civil traffic violation.
C. A person who is found responsible for a violation of this section is subject to a civil penalty of at least three hundred fifty dollars. Notwithstanding section 28-1554, the civil penalties collected pursuant to this subsection shall be deposited in the state general fund.

Local Laws
Montgomery Co. MD
Sec. 31-26B Parking spaces reserved for a plug-in vehicle
(a) In this Section, a plug-in vehicle means a vehicle that:
(1) is made by a vehicle manufacturer;
(2) is manufactured primarily for use on a public street, road, and highway;
(3) has a rated unloaded gross vehicle weight of no more than 8,500 pounds;
(4) has a maximum speed capability of at least 55 miles per hour; and
(5) is propelled to a significant extent by an electric motor that draws electricity from a battery that:
(A) for a 4-wheeled vehicle, has a capacity of at least 4 kilowatt-hours;
(B) for a 2-wheeled or a 3-wheeled vehicle, has a capacity of at least 2.5 kilowatt-hours; and
(C) can be recharged from an external source of electricity.
(b) Plug-in vehicle includes a qualifying vehicle that has been modified from the original manufacturer’s specifications.
(c) A person may not stop, stand, or park a vehicle that is not a plug-in vehicle in a space that:
(1) is marked for the use of plug-in vehicles with an official sign that conforms to regulations adopted pursuant to Section 31-23; and
(2) provides access to a plug-in vehicle recharging station.

Howard Co. MD
Sec. 21.207c3 Parking restrictions – Plug-in vehicle recharging stations
(a) Department of Public Works. Except as provided in section 21.105 of this title, on property that is under the County’s jurisdiction, the Department of Public Works may:
(1) Prohibit or establish a time limit on parking on any highway; and
(2) Designate each parking space where a plug-in vehicle may be recharged.
(b) Signs. The Department of Public Works shall place and maintain appropriate signs indicating a parking restriction under subsection (a) of this section.
(c) Plug-in vehicle recharging stations.
(1) In this section, plug-in vehicle means a vehicle that:
(i) Is made by a vehicle manufacturer;
(ii) Is manufactured primarily for use on a public street, road, and highway;
(iii) Has a rated unloaded gross vehicle weight of no more than 8,500 pounds;
(iv) Has a maximum speed capability of at least 55 miles per hour; and
(v) Is propelled to a significant extent by an electric motor that draws electricity from a battery that:
(A) For a four-wheeled vehicle, has a capacity of at least four kilowatt-hours;
(B) For a two-wheeled or three-wheeled vehicle, has a capacity of at least 2.5 kilowatt-hours; and
(c) Can be recharged from an external source of electricity.
(2) Plug-in vehicle includes a qualifying vehicle that has been modified from the original manufacturer’s specifications.
(3) Except as provide in paragraph (4) of this subsection, a person may not stop, stand, or park a vehicle in a space that is posted for the exclusive use of plug-in vehicles:
(i) Under subsection (b) of this section for County property; or
(ii) By the property owner for private property.
(4) A plug-in vehicle may be parked in a space that is posted for the use of plug-in vehicles.
(5) A sign that designates a space under this subsection must meet be at least 12 inches by 18 inches and meet any applicable State or Federal standards for parking control signs.

Baltimore Co. MD
Sec. 18-2-212 Parking spaces reserved for plug-in vehicles
A. Definition.
1. In this section, “plug-in vehicle” means a vehicle that:
(I) Is made by a vehicle manufacturer;
(II) Is manufactured primarily for use on a public street, road, and highway;
(III) Has a rated unloaded gross vehicle weight of no more than 8,500 pounds;
(IV) Has a maximum speed capability of at least 55 miles per hour; and
(V) Is propelled to a significant extent by an electric motor that draws electricity from a battery that:
(A) For a four-wheeled vehicle, has a capacity of at least four kilowatt-hours;
(B) For a two-wheeled or three-wheeled vehicle, has a capacity of at least 2.5 kilowatt-hours; and
(C) Can be recharged from an external source of electricity.
2. Plug-in vehicle includes a qualifying vehicle that has been modified from the original manufacturer’s specifications.
B. Prohibition.
A person may not park a vehicle that is not a plug-in vehicle in a space, including a space on private property used by the public in general, that
(1) is designated for the use of plug-in vehicles with a sign approved by the police department stating the prohibition of this section; and
(2) provides access to a plug-in vehicle recharging station.
C. Penalty
A person who violates this section is guilty of a misdemeanor.
[Parking in a space designated for plug-in vehicles in violation of §18-2-212 is a violation punishable by a fine of $75.]

Frederick Co. MD
§ 1-15-31. PARKING SPACES DESIGNATED FOR A PLUG-IN VEHICLE.
(A) Definitions. As used herein:
PLUG-IN VEHICLE. A vehicle that is:
(a) 1. Made by a vehicle manufacturer for primary use on a public street, road, and highway;
2. Has a maximum speed capability of at least 55 miles per hour; and
3. Is propelled to a significant extent by an electric motor that draws electricity from a battery that:
a. For a four-wheeled vehicle, has a capacity of at least four kilowatt-hours;
b. For a two-wheeled vehicle or a three-wheeled vehicle, has a capacity of at least two and one- half kilowatt-hours; and
c. Can be recharged from an external source of electricity.
(b) Plug-in vehicle includes a vehicle that has been modified from the original manufacturer’s specifications to be compliant with division (A).
PLUG-IN VEHICLE PARKING SPACE. A parking space designated for the use of plug-in vehicles with official sign that conforms to the system set forth in the “Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices” for streets and highways adopted by the State Highway Administration, as amended from time to time which provides access to a plug-in vehicle recharging station.
(B) A person may not stop, stand, or park a vehicle that is not a plug-in vehicle in a plug-in vehicle parking space.
(C) A person may not stop, stand, or park a plug-in vehicle in a plug-in vehicle parking space where the charging equipment is not compatible with the vehicle’s charging equipment.
(D) A person may only stop, stand, or park a plug-in vehicle in a plug-in vehicle parking space for the purpose of charging the plug-in vehicle.
(E) This section applies only to plug-in vehicle parking spaces on county roads or county owned property. A violation of this section shall be a Class C offense as defined in § 1-1-9. Each day that a violation of this sections continues shall constitute a separate offense.
[A violation of a Class C offense as defined in § 1-1-9 is a violation punishable by a fine of $100 – $250.]

Emmitsburg, MD
Sec. 10.12.101 Reserved Parking for Plug-In Electric Drive Vehicles
A. Any parking space with an electric charging station used for charging plug-in electric drive vehicles must have signage indicating that the space is for the exclusive use of plug-in electric drive vehicles. Only plug-in electric drive vehicles may park in such parking spaces.
B. The use of a charging station shall be available on a first-come first-serve basis.
C. All vehicles parked in a space reserved for plug-in electric drive vehicle charging must be connected to and using the charging station equipment to charge the vehicle.
D. No plug-in electric drive vehicle may be parked in a charging space at any time between the hours of 10 pm –6 am except for the Town of Emmitsburg fleet vehicle. Maximum charging time is six hours.
E. No plug-in electric drive vehicle may be parked in a charging space for longer than six (6) consecutive hours.
F. The owner of any vehicle in violation of this ordinance may be issued a citation and shall be subject to a ten dollar ($10.00) fine for each day of violation. In addition, the vehicle in violation of this ordinance may be towed at the owner’s expense.

Annapolis, MD
12.20.090 – Parking spaces reserved—Persons with disabilities—Electric vehicles—Penalties. link
B. Plug-In Electric Drive Vehicles. Unless the vehicle is a plug-in electric drive vehicle as defined by the Transportation Article of the Maryland Annotated Code, as may be amended, a person may not stop, stand, or park a vehicle in a designated plug-in electric drive vehicle charging space. A sign designating a plug-in electric drive vehicle charging space shall:
1. Be at least eighteen inches high and twelve inches wide;
2. Be clearly visible to the driver of a motor vehicle entering the plug-in electric drive vehicle charging space;
3. State the maximum fine that may be incurred for a violation; and
4. Meet any applicable state and federal requirements for parking signs. A plug-in electric drive vehicle charging space shall also be indicated by green pavement markings.
C. Penalties. A person violating this section, upon conviction, is subject to a fine as established by resolution of the City Council.
FINES SCHEDULE – FY 2021
Authority: R-27-20
Code Reference: 12.20.090.B
Description: Parking reserved for plug-in electric drive vehicles
Fine for Initial Offense: $100.00
Fine for Repeat or Continuous Violations: $100.00
12.20.210 – Towing of vehicles. link
A. Any police officer, parking enforcement officer, or the authorized agent may order the towing of the following motor vehicles and trailers:
6. A vehicle unlawfully parked in a space reserved for a physically handicapped person, plug-in electric drive vehicle charging, or any debris, material, vehicle or other object which interferes with or obstructs marked fire lanes, or vehicles parked in designated fire lanes which are for the access of operation of any Fire Department equipment or other emergency vehicles or equipment;

Washington, DC
§18-2406.28 Parking prohibited by posted sign
The following rules shall apply to the use by the public of electric vehicle parking spaces and charging stations and violation of this subsection shall be subject to the fines set forth in 18 DCMR §2601:
(a) Parking in electric vehicle charging spaces is permitted only for electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids and only in accordance with the guidelines provided on the charging station.
(b) An electric vehicle may park in an electric vehicle charging space only while the vehicle is plugged into the charging station.
(c) An electric vehicle may park in an electric vehicle charging space for no more than a total of four (4)hours between 9:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. on any calendar day.
(d) A vehicle occupying an electric vehicle charging space shall pay any applicable charging fee required by the charging station vendor.
(e) In addition to all other applicable fees, a person parking a vehicle an electric vehicle charging space shall be assessed a one dollar ($1.00) per hour fee for the use of public space while charging the vehicle and ten dollars ($10.00) per hour while not charging between 9:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. on any calendar day.
$100.00 No parking except for an electric vehicle while plugged in [§§ 2406.28 (a), 2406.28 (b),]
$30.00 Plugged in electric vehicle remaining for more than four (4) hours between 9:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. Monday through Sunday at an on-street parking space reserved for charging vehicles [§ 2406.28 (c)]

Seattle
11.72.125 – Electric vehicle parking charging station; electric vehicles.
A. No person shall stop, stand, or park a vehicle other than an electric vehicle within any space marked or signed as reserved for “electric vehicle parking while charging only.”
B. It is unlawful to park or permit to be parked any electric vehicle in a space with an electric vehicle charging station that is marked as “electric vehicle parking while charging only” if such electric vehicle is not in the process of charging.
C. Electric vehicles may be parked in any space designated for public parking, subject to the restrictions that would apply to any other vehicle that would park in that space.
D. For purposes of this Section, the following definitions apply:
1. “Electric vehicle” means any vehicle that operates, either partially or exclusively, on electrical energy from an off-board source, that is stored on-board for motive purpose. “Electric vehicle” includes:
a. Any “battery electric vehicle,” defined as any vehicle that operates exclusively on electrical energy from an off-board source that is stored in the vehicle’s batteries, and produces zero tailpipe emissions or pollution when stationary or operating;
b. Any “plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV),” defined as an electric vehicle that a) contains an internal combustion engine and also allows power to be delivered to drive wheels by an electric motor; b) charges its battery primarily by connecting to the grid or other off-board electrical source; c) may additionally be able to sustain battery charge using an on-board internal-combustion-driven generator; and 4) has the ability to travel powered by electricity;
c. Any “neighborhood electric vehicle,” defined as a self-propelled, electrically powered four-wheeled motor vehicle whose speed attainable in one mile is more than 20 miles per hour and not more than 25 miles per hour and conforms to federal regulations set forth in 49 C.F.R Sec. 571.500;
d. Any “medium-speed electric vehicle,” defined as a self-propelled, electrically powered four-wheeled motor vehicle, equipped with a roll cage or crush-proof body design, whose speed attainable in one mile is more than 25 miles per hour but not more than 35 miles per hour and otherwise meets or exceeds the federal regulations set forth in 49 C.F.R. Sec. 571.500.
2. “Electric vehicle charging station” means a public parking space that is served by battery charging station equipment that has as its primary purpose the transfer of electric energy (by conductive or inductive means) to a battery or other energy storage device in an electric vehicle, and that is 1) publicly owned and publicly available (e.g., Park & Ride parking, public library parking lot, on-street parking), or 2) privately owned and publicly available (e.g., shopping center parking, non-reserved parking in multi-family parking lots).
3. “Electric vehicle parking space” means any marked parking space that identifies the use to be exclusively for the parking of an electric vehicle.
4. “Non-electric vehicle” means any motor vehicle that does not meet the definition of “electric vehicle”.
(Ord. 123712, § 3, 2011.)

Raleigh
Sec. 11-2174(c) Parking time limited in designated places
(c) The City Council may designate certain parking spaces on City streets at or near electric charging stations for use only by electric vehicles. An electric vehicle is one that operates, either partially or exclusively, on electrical energy from the grid, or an off grid source, that is stored on board for motive purpose. An electric charging station is equipment that has as its primary purpose the transfer of electric energy to a battery or other energy storage device on an electric vehicle.
Spaces designated as reserved for electric vehicles shall be clearly marked as such. When a space has been so marked no person shall park or stand any nonelectric vehicle in that space. If an electric vehicle is parked in such a designated space but is not attached to the charging station it is in violation of this ordinance. Any nonelectric vehicle so parked is subject to civil fine or removal. The fine for violation of this ordinance is fifty dollars ($50.00) and shall be collected in the same manner and with the same penalties for late payment as other on street parking violations. Any vehicle parked in such a space must make the appropriate payment for the space and observe the time limit for the underlying parking zone.

Boulder
Sec. 7-6-30 – Parking in Space Designated for Charging an Electric Vehicle
(a) No vehicle shall be parked in a space designated for charging any electric vehicle by any sign or pavement marking using the term “electric vehicle charging,” or otherwise reasonably indicating designation for electric vehicle charging, unless the vehicle is a plug-in electric vehicle.
(b) This section applies to all spaces designated for electric vehicle charging on public property and on private property. The designation of such spaces by a private property owner or lessee has the same effect as designation by public authority and operates as a waiver of any objection to enforcement by peace officers.
(c) When a traffic control sign is in place giving notice thereof, no vehicle shall remain in a space designated for electric vehicles for longer than the time designated thereon.
(d) As used in this section, plug-in electric vehicle shall mean any motor vehicle that draws electricity from a battery that is capable of being charged from an external source. It shall be presumptive evidence that a vehicle is a plug-in electric vehicle if the vehicle displays a plug-in electric vehicle decal issued by the State of Colorado.

Knoxville
Sec. 17-307 – Reserved parking for recharging electric vehicles
(a) For the purposes of this section, an “electric vehicle” is one that operates either partially or exclusively on electrical energy supplied from the grid or an off grid electricity source that is stored on board for motive purpose. An “electric charging station” is equipment that has as its primary purpose the transfer of electric energy to a battery or other energy storage device on an electric vehicle.
(b) The department of engineering is hereby authorized to designate, by the installation of appropriate signs, parking spaces for the exclusive use of recharging electric vehicles.
(c) Where signs designating a parking space for the exclusive use of recharging electric vehicles are erected, no person shall park a vehicle upon any street, municipal parking lot, municipal parking garage, or portion of any street, parking lot, or parking garage so signed unless such vehicle is an electric vehicle and is connected to an electric charging station.
(d) Violators of this section may be issued a parking ticket attached to the vehicle or a citation to court and the vehicle may be towed to an impoundment lot at the owner’s expense and stored at the owner’s expense. Signs designating recharging electric vehicle parking shall indicate that unauthorized or improperly parked vehicles may be towed and the driver fined fifty dollars ($50.00).
(e) Any merchant or owner of a privately owned parking lot maintained for use by the general public is hereby authorized to designate, by the installation of appropriate signs, parking spaces for the exclusive use of recharging electric. Enforcement shall be responsibility of the owner of the private property.
(Ord. No. O-203-2012, § 1, 11-27-12)

Rehoboth Beach, DE
Sec. 92-42 Parking for electric vehicles
A. Two parking spaces on Surfside Place, Meter Nos. H1 and H2, are designated as three-hour parking meter zones, exclusively for use by electric vehicles while charging. The spaces shall be posted as electric vehicle parking spaces and shall remain in effect continuously.
B. Any person violating this section shall, upon conviction, pay a fine not less than $50 nor more than $100 and shall pay the costs of prosecution, provided that, with the consent of the person charged with a violation under this section, the Chief of Police is authorized to accept and receive, without hearing, not less than $50 as a penalty for such violation if such penalty is paid within seven days from the date of violation or accept $75 if such violation is paid within 30 days from the date of the violation or accept $100 if such penalty is paid after 30 days from the date of the violation.
C. Any police officer of the City, while in the performance of his or her duty, may remove or cause to be removed, at the expense of the owner or operator of such motor vehicle, any motor vehicle parked or left standing illegally in the above area when the owner or operator is unable, unwilling or not available to remove such vehicle immediately.

Kirkland, WA
12.45.180 Electric Vehicle Charging
It is a civil infraction for any person to stop, stand or park any vehicle in a City-owned electric vehicle charging station unless the vehicle is connected to the charging station and actively being charged.

Salt Lake City, UT
12.56.205(f) Parking Meters; Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
Use of Salt Lake City operated electric vehicle charging stations is restricted to electric vehicles actively charging their batteries. The division may establish time limits for use of particular electric vehicle charging stations. No person shall use an electric vehicle charging station and the associated parking stall for longer than the time period specified for that station. Failure to comply with this provision will result in a civil penalty as set forth in section 12.56.550 of this chapter. (Ord. 37-18, 2018)

Policy Guidance
NCPEV Taskforce Parking Enforcement for Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
Georgetown Climate Center Creating EV-Ready Towns: A Guide to Planning and Policy p. 12

News Reports
Southern Maryland News, March 08, 2012 – Car Charging Causes Controversy
Elkridge Patch March 09, 2012 – Hanover Man Poised to [benefit from proposed legislation]
Baltimore Sun Nov. 6, 2014 – Howard County revs up electric car infrastructure
Raleigh News & Observer Dec. 21, 2014 – Gas guzzlers can’t stay out of electric-only parking
Illinois WRSP TV Jan. 11, 2016 – New Law Fines Drivers For Parking At Electric Charging Stations

Montgomery County, Maryland
2014 Montgomery County Bill 32-13 Analyst Packet
Bill 32-13 Public Hearing Video
Bill 32-13 Committee Worksession Video

Howard County, Maryland
2014 Howard County Council Bill CB36-2014
Bill CB36-2014 Public Hearing Video
Bill CB36-2014 Council Vote Video
Police Training Bulletin 2019-04: Parking Citations: Plug-in Vehicles

Calvert County, Maryland
2015 Request to provide enforcement for the unauthorized use of EV parking spaces – Video

General Assembly of Maryland
2012 HB 108 Vehicle Laws – Stopping, Standing, and Parking – Plug–In Vehicles
2012 SB 340 Vehicle Laws – Stopping, Standing, and Parking – Plug–In Vehicles
2013 HB 1149 Vehicle Laws – Stopping, Standing, and Parking – Plug–In Vehicles
2014 HB 1020 Vehicle Laws – Plug–In Electric Drive Vehicles – Reserved Parking Spaces
HB 1020 Letter of Information – Maryland Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Council

Signs
2013 CA MUTCD regulatory signs – Ref: CA Zero Emission Vehicle Signs and Pavement Markings